This systematic review assesses the associations between maternal anemia adverse birth and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. The review synthesizes evidence from 29 studies. Findings indicate that more than 40 percent of women experienced anemia during pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries and that 12 percent of low birthweight cases, 19 percent of preterm births, and 18 percent of perinatal mortality in the studied regions were attributable to maternal anemia.