This desk study explored how land access and natural resource management (NRM) policies, institutions, and relationships are changing in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs); with what consequences and for whom; and the potential effects on livelihoods, food security, and nutritional status. The study synthesized information about land tenure and livelihoods systems in the ASALs, land use, and existing natural resources. It found evidence gaps aboutland access and natural resource management in Marsabit; customary pastoral systems; differences by social status; and the influence of devolution.