The authors collected and analyzed research methodologies from 114 studies of programs that used specialized foods to influence anthropometric outcomes. The analysis identified elements of the methodologies that can be strengthened to develop a more rigorous evidence base. The authors found research bias, heterogeneous study design, and insufficiently reported study details as barriers to robust evidence. The review also provides a list of actions to build a higher-quality evidence base for translating research on specialized nutritious food into policy and practice.