Overview

Self-report measure to detect non-specific psychological distress; subscales include depression/ anxiety, somatic symptoms, reduced vital energy and depressive thoughts. As the response options are yes/no this can be understood among many individuals. There is less adaptation needed for the response categories.

Scoring and Interpretation

Scored as 0 (symptoms absent) or 1 (symptoms present). Score range 0-20; Scores >10 classified as mental distress. Responses are yes or no.

Citation

Beusenberg, M, J Orley, and WHO. 1994. “A User’s Guide to the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ).” WHO.

Context and Applications to Child Nutrition

Bangladesh
Adams, Melanie S., N. Z. Khan, S. A. Begum, S. L. Wirz, T. Hesketh, and T. R. Pring. 2012. "Feeding Difficulties in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Low‐cost Caregiver Training in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Child: care, health and development 38(6): 878-888.

Basnet, Sulochana, Edward A. Frongillo, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Spencer Moore, and Mandana Arabi. 2020. "Associations of Maternal Resources With Care Behaviours Differ By Resource and Behaviour." Maternal & Child Nutrition 16(3): e12977.

Cavalcante-Neto, Jorge Lopes, Cristiane Silvestre de Paula, Telma Maria de Menezes Toledo Florêncio, and Claudio Torres de Miranda. 2016. "Disability Due to Maternal Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) as a Risk Factor for Chronic Childhood Malnutrition: Cross-sectional Study." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 134(3): 228-233.

Nguyen, Phuong H., Kuntal K. Saha, Disha Ali, Purnima Menon, Swetha Manohar, Lan Tran Mai, Rahul Rawat, and Marie T. Ruel. 2014. "Maternal Mental Health is Associated with Child Undernutrition and Illness in Bangladesh, Vietnam and Ethiopia." Public Health Nutrition 17(6): 1318-1327.

Brazil
Cavalcante-Neto, Jorge Lopes, Cristiane Silvestre de Paula, Telma Maria de Menezes Toledo Florêncio, and Claudio Torres de Miranda. 2016. "Disability Due to Maternal Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) as a Risk Factor for Chronic Childhood Malnutrition: Cross-sectional Study." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 134(3): 228-233.

Santos, Dirlane S., Darci Neves Santos, Rita de Cássia Ribeiro Silva, Maria Helena Hasselmann, and Maurício L. Barreto. 2011. "Maternal Common Mental Disorders and Malnutrition in Children: a Case–Control Study." Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 46 (7): 543-548.

Burkina Faso
PPrado, Elizabeth L., Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez, Stephen Vosti, Robert Stewart, Christine P. Stewart, Jérôme Somé, Anna Pulakka et al. 2019. "Path Analyses of Risk Factors for Linear Growth Faltering in Four Prospective Cohorts of Young Children in Ghana, Malawi and Burkina Faso." BMJ global health 4(1): e001155.

Ethiopia
Basnet, Sulochana, Edward A. Frongillo, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Spencer Moore, and Mandana Arabi. 2020. "Associations of Maternal Resources With Care Behaviours Differ By Resource and Behaviour." Maternal & Child Nutrition 16(3): e12977.

Bennett, Ian M., Whitney Schott, Sofya Krutikova, and Jere R. Behrman. 2016. "Maternal Mental Health, and Child Growth and Development, in Four Low-income and Middle-Income Countries." J Epidemiol Community Health 70(2): 168-173.

De Silva, Mary J., and Trudy Harpham. 2007. "Maternal Social Capital and Child Nutritional Status in four Developing Countries." Health & Place 13(2): 341-355.

Girma, Shimelis, Teshale Fikadu, and Eba Abdisa. 2019. "Maternal Common Mental Disorder as Predictors of Stunting among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Western Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study" International Journal of Pediatrics 2019.

Harpham, Trudy, Sharon Huttly, Mary J. De Silva, and Tanya Abramsky. 2005. "Maternal Mental Health and Child Nutritional Status in Four Developing Countries." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59(12): 1060-1064.

Medhin, Girmay, Charlotte Hanlon, Michael Dewey, Atalay Alem, Fikru Tesfaye, Zufan Lakew, Bogale Worku et al. 2010. "The Effect of Maternal Common Mental Disorders on Infant Undernutrition in Butajira, Ethiopia: the P-MaMiE study." BMC psychiatry 10(1): 1-13.

Nguyen, Phuong H., Kuntal K. Saha, Disha Ali, Purnima Menon, Swetha Manohar, Lan Tran Mai, Rahul Rawat, and Marie T. Ruel. 2014. "Maternal mental health is associated with child undernutrition and illness in Bangladesh, Vietnam and Ethiopia." Public Health Nutrition 17(6): 1318-1327.

Ghana
Prado, Elizabeth L., Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez, Stephen Vosti, Robert Stewart, Christine P. Stewart, Jérôme Somé, Anna Pulakka et al. 2019. "Path Analyses of Risk Factors for Linear Growth Faltering in Four Prospective Cohorts of Young Children in Ghana, Malawi and Burkina Faso." BMJ global health 4(1): e001155.

India
Bennett, Ian M., Whitney Schott, Sofya Krutikova, and Jere R. Behrman. 2016. "Maternal Mental Health, and Child Growth and Development, in Four Low-income and Middle-Income Countries." J Epidemiol Community Health 70(2): 168-173.

De Silva, Mary J., and Trudy Harpham. 2007. "Maternal Social Capital and Child Nutritional Status in four Developing Countries." Health & Place 13(2): 341-355.

Harpham, Trudy, Sharon Huttly, Mary J. De Silva, and Tanya Abramsky. 2005. "Maternal Mental Health and Child Nutritional Status in Four Developing Countries." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 59(12): 1060-1064.

Upadhyay, Ashish Kumar, and Swati Srivastava.2016. "Effect of Pregnancy Intention, Postnatal Depressive Symptoms and Social Support on Early Childhood Stunting: Findings from India." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 16(1): 1-14.

Malawi
Colman, Sarah, Robert C. Stewart, Christine MacArthur, Neil Kennedy, Barbara Tomenson, and Francis Creed. 2015. "Psychological Distress in Mothers of Children Admitted to a Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit in Malawi–A Comparison With Other Pediatric Wards." Maternal & Child Nutrition 11(4): 915-925.

Stewart, Robert C., Eric Umar, Felix Kauye, James Bunn, Maclean Vokhiwa, Margaret Fitzgerald, Barbara Tomenson, et al. 2008. "Maternal Common Mental Disorder and Infant Growth–A Cross‐Sectional Study from Malawi." Maternal & Child Nutrition 4(3): 209-219.

Stewart, R. C., J. Bunn, M. Vokhiwa, E. Umar, F. Kauye, B. Tomenson, A. Rahman, and F. Creed.2011.  "A Prospective Study of Psychological Distress Among Mothers of Children Admitted to a Nutritional Rehabilitation Unit in Malawi." Child: Care, Health and Development 37(1): 55-63.

Prado, Elizabeth L., Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez, Stephen Vosti, Robert Stewart, Christine P. Stewart, Jérôme Somé, Anna Pulakka et al. 2019. "Path Analyses of Risk Factors for Linear Growth Faltering in Four Prospective Cohorts of Young Children in Ghana, Malawi and Burkina Faso." BMJ Global Health 4(1): e001155.

Nigeria
Abdullahi, Aminu T., Zubaida L. Farouk, and Abdulazeez Imam. 2021. "Common Mental Disorders in Mothers of Children Attending Out-patient Malnutrition Clinics in Rural North-western Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study." BMC Public Health 21(1): 1-9.

Pakistan
Brown, N., J. E. Finch, J. Obradović, and A. K. Yousafzai. 2017. "Maternal Care Mediates the Effects of Nutrition and Responsive Stimulation Interventions on Young Children's Growth." Child: Care, Health and Development 43(4): 577-587.

Huma, Z., Ayella Gillani, Fakhira Shafique, Alina Rashid, Bushra Mahjabeen, Hashim Javed, Duolao Wang, Atif Rahman, and Syed Usman Hamdani. 2021. "Evaluating the Impact of a Common Elements-Based Intervention to Improve Maternal Psychological Well-being and Mother–Infant Interaction in Rural Pakistan: Study Protocol for a Randomised Controlled Trial." BMJ Open 11(7):e047609.

Rahman, Atif, Zafar Iqbal, James Bunn, Hermione Lovel, and Richard Harrington. 2004. "Impact of Maternal Depression on Infant Nutritional Status and Illness: A Cohort Study." Archives of General Psychiatry 61(9): 946-952.

Peru
Bennett, Ian M., Whitney Schott, Sofya Krutikova, and Jere R. Behrman. 2016. "Maternal Mental Health, and Child Growth and Development, in Four Low-income and Middle-Income Countries." J Epidemiol Community Health 70(2): 168-173.

South Africa
Thomas, Eileen, Caroline Kuo, Sophie Cohen, Jacqueline Hoare, Natassja Koen, Whitney Barnett, Heather J. Zar, and Dan J. Stein. 2017. "Mental Health Predictors of Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation Among HIV Infected and Uninfected Women in a South African Birth Cohort Study." Preventive Medicine 102: 100-111.

Vietnam
Basnet, Sulochana, Edward A. Frongillo, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Spencer Moore, and Mandana Arabi. 2020. "Associations of Maternal Resources with Care Behaviours Differ by Resource and Behaviour." Maternal & Child Nutrition 16(3): e12977.

Bennett, Ian M., Whitney Schott, Sofya Krutikova, and Jere R. Behrman. 2016. "Maternal Mental Health, and Child Growth and Development, in Four Low-income and Middle-Income Countries." J Epidemiol Community Health 70(2): 168-173.

Adaptations

N/A

Formative Research

Cognitive Interviews / Pilot Testing