Overview

Assesses symptoms of anxiety, depression, nervousness, and stress over the previous week.

Scoring and Interpretation

Responses are scored on a 4-point scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (all the time). The mean score is used in analyses.

Citations

Radloff, Lenore Sawyer. 1977. “The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population.” Applied Psychological Measurement 1( 3): 385–401.

Context and Applications to Child Nutrition

Vanuatu

Therrien, Ann-Sophie, Giovanna Buffa, Amanda B. Roome, Elizabeth Standard, Alysa Pomer, Jimmy Obed, George Taleo et al. 2020. "Relationships between Prenatal Distress and Infant Body Mass Index in the First Year of Life in a Lower-Middle Income Country." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(19): 7351.

Therrien, Ann‐Sophie, Giovanna Buffa, Amanda B. Roome, Elizabeth Standard, Alysa Pomer, Jimmy Obed, George Taleo et al. 2021. "Relationships Between Mental Health and Diet During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes in a Lower‐Middle Income Country: Healthy Mothers, Healthy Communities’ Study in Vanuatu." American Journal of Human Biology 33(3): e23500.

Adaptations

Adapted from the Kessler-10 Distress Scale and the CES-D Scale.

Formative Research

Pretest